Benefiting from its single-photon sensitivity, single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) array has been widely applied in various fields such as fluorescence lifetime imaging and quantum computing. However, large-scale high-fidelity single-photon imaging remains a big challenge, due to the complex hardware manufacture craft and heavy noise disturbance of SPAD arrays. In this work, we introduce deep learning into SPAD, enabling super-resolution single-photon imaging over an order of magnitude, with significant enhancement of bit depth and imaging quality. We first studied the complex photon flow model of SPAD electronics to accurately characterize multiple physical noise sources, and collected a real SPAD image dataset (64 $\times$ 32 pixels, 90 scenes, 10 different bit depth, 3 different illumination flux, 2790 images in total) to calibrate noise model parameters. With this real-world physical noise model, we for the first time synthesized a large-scale realistic single-photon image dataset (image pairs of 5 different resolutions with maximum megapixels, 17250 scenes, 10 different bit depth, 3 different illumination flux, 2.6 million images in total) for subsequent network training. To tackle the severe super-resolution challenge of SPAD inputs with low bit depth, low resolution, and heavy noise, we further built a deep transformer network with a content-adaptive self-attention mechanism and gated fusion modules, which can dig global contextual features to remove multi-source noise and extract full-frequency details. We applied the technique on a series of experiments including macroscopic and microscopic imaging, microfluidic inspection, and Fourier ptychography. The experiments validate the technique's state-of-the-art super-resolution SPAD imaging performance, with more than 5 dB superiority on PSNR compared to the existing methods.

We present VeriX, a first step towards verified explainability of machine learning models in safety-critical applications. Specifically, our sound and optimal explanations can guarantee prediction invariance against bounded perturbations. We utilise constraint solving techniques together with feature sensitivity ranking to efficiently compute these explanations. We evaluate our approach on image recognition benchmarks and a real-world scenario of autonomous aircraft taxiing.

SOTA decentralized SGD algorithms can overcome the bandwidth bottleneck at the parameter server by using communication collectives like Ring All-Reduce for synchronization. While the parameter updates in distributed SGD may happen asynchronously there is still a synchronization barrier to make sure that the local training epoch at every learner is complete before the learners can advance to the next epoch. The delays in waiting for the slowest learners(stragglers) remain to be a problem in the synchronization steps of these state-of-the-art decentralized frameworks. In this paper, we propose the (de)centralized Non-blocking SGD (Non-blocking SGD) which can address the straggler problem in a heterogeneous environment. The main idea of Non-blocking SGD is to split the original batch into mini-batches, then accumulate the gradients and update the model based on finished mini-batches. The Non-blocking idea can be implemented using decentralized algorithms including Ring All-reduce, D-PSGD, and MATCHA to solve the straggler problem. Moreover, using gradient accumulation to update the model also guarantees convergence and avoids gradient staleness. Run-time analysis with random straggler delays and computational efficiency/throughput of devices is also presented to show the advantage of Non-blocking SGD. Experiments on a suite of datasets and deep learning networks validate the theoretical analyses and demonstrate that Non-blocking SGD speeds up the training and fastens the convergence. Compared with the state-of-the-art decentralized asynchronous algorithms like D-PSGD and MACHA, Non-blocking SGD takes up to 2x fewer time to reach the same training loss in a heterogeneous environment.

随着深度学习在关键任务系统中的越来越多的应用，越来越需要对神经网络的行为进行正式保证。确实，最近提出了许多用于验证神经网络的方法，但是这些方法通常以有限的可伸缩性或不足的精度而挣扎。许多最先进的验证方案中的关键组成部分是在网络中可以为特定输入域获得的神经元获得的值计算下限和上限 - 并且这些界限更紧密，验证的可能性越大，验证的可能性就越大。成功。计算这些边界的许多常见算法是符号结合传播方法的变化。其中，利用一种称为后替代的过程的方法特别成功。在本文中，我们提出了一种使背部替代产生更严格的界限的方法。为了实现这一目标，我们制定并最大程度地减少背部固定过程中发生的不精确错误。我们的技术是一般的，从某种意义上说，它可以将其集成到许多现有的符号结合的传播技术中，并且只有较小的修改。我们将方法作为概念验证工具实施，并且与执行背部替代的最先进的验证者相比，取得了有利的结果。

我们考虑了认证深神经网络对现实分布变化的鲁棒性的问题。为此，我们通过提出一个新型的神经符号验证框架来弥合手工制作的规格和现实部署设置之间的差距模型。这种环境引起的一个独特的挑战是，现有的验证者不能紧密地近似sigmoid激活，这对于许多最新的生成模型至关重要。为了应对这一挑战，我们提出了一个通用的元算象来处理乙状结肠激活，该乙状结激素利用反示例引导的抽象细化的经典概念。关键思想是“懒惰地”完善Sigmoid函数的抽象，以排除先前抽象中发现的虚假反示例，从而确保验证过程中的进展，同时保持状态空间较小。 MNIST和CIFAR-10数据集的实验表明，我们的框架在一系列具有挑战性的分配变化方面大大优于现有方法。

最近，图形神经网络（GNN）已应用于群集上的调整工作，比手工制作的启发式方法更好地表现了。尽管表现令人印象深刻，但仍然担心这些基于GNN的工作调度程序是否满足用户对其他重要属性的期望，例如防止策略，共享激励和稳定性。在这项工作中，我们考虑对基于GNN的工作调度程序的正式验证。我们解决了几个特定领域的挑战，例如网络，这些挑战比验证图像和NLP分类器时遇到的更深层和规格更丰富。我们开发了拉斯维加斯，这是基于精心设计的算法，将这些调度程序的单步和多步属性验证的第一个通用框架，它们结合了抽象，改进，求解器和证明传输。我们的实验结果表明，与以前的方法相比，维加斯在验证基于GNN的调度程序的重要特性时会达到显着加速。

The development of social media user stance detection and bot detection methods rely heavily on large-scale and high-quality benchmarks. However, in addition to low annotation quality, existing benchmarks generally have incomplete user relationships, suppressing graph-based account detection research. To address these issues, we propose a Multi-Relational Graph-Based Twitter Account Detection Benchmark (MGTAB), the first standardized graph-based benchmark for account detection. To our knowledge, MGTAB was built based on the largest original data in the field, with over 1.55 million users and 130 million tweets. MGTAB contains 10,199 expert-annotated users and 7 types of relationships, ensuring high-quality annotation and diversified relations. In MGTAB, we extracted the 20 user property features with the greatest information gain and user tweet features as the user features. In addition, we performed a thorough evaluation of MGTAB and other public datasets. Our experiments found that graph-based approaches are generally more effective than feature-based approaches and perform better when introducing multiple relations. By analyzing experiment results, we identify effective approaches for account detection and provide potential future research directions in this field. Our benchmark and standardized evaluation procedures are freely available at: https://github.com/GraphDetec/MGTAB.

Interview has been regarded as one of the most crucial step for recruitment. To fully prepare for the interview with the recruiters, job seekers usually practice with mock interviews between each other. However, such a mock interview with peers is generally far away from the real interview experience: the mock interviewers are not guaranteed to be professional and are not likely to behave like a real interviewer. Due to the rapid growth of online recruitment in recent years, recruiters tend to have online interviews, which makes it possible to collect real interview data from real interviewers. In this paper, we propose a novel application named EZInterviewer, which aims to learn from the online interview data and provides mock interview services to the job seekers. The task is challenging in two ways: (1) the interview data are now available but still of low-resource; (2) to generate meaningful and relevant interview dialogs requires thorough understanding of both resumes and job descriptions. To address the low-resource challenge, EZInterviewer is trained on a very small set of interview dialogs. The key idea is to reduce the number of parameters that rely on interview dialogs by disentangling the knowledge selector and dialog generator so that most parameters can be trained with ungrounded dialogs as well as the resume data that are not low-resource. Evaluation results on a real-world job interview dialog dataset indicate that we achieve promising results to generate mock interviews. With the help of EZInterviewer, we hope to make mock interview practice become easier for job seekers.

Dynamic treatment regimes assign personalized treatments to patients sequentially over time based on their baseline information and time-varying covariates. In mobile health applications, these covariates are typically collected at different frequencies over a long time horizon. In this paper, we propose a deep spectral Q-learning algorithm, which integrates principal component analysis (PCA) with deep Q-learning to handle the mixed frequency data. In theory, we prove that the mean return under the estimated optimal policy converges to that under the optimal one and establish its rate of convergence. The usefulness of our proposal is further illustrated via simulations and an application to a diabetes dataset.

Temporal sentence grounding (TSG) aims to identify the temporal boundary of a specific segment from an untrimmed video by a sentence query. All existing works first utilize a sparse sampling strategy to extract a fixed number of video frames and then conduct multi-modal interactions with query sentence for reasoning. However, we argue that these methods have overlooked two indispensable issues: 1) Boundary-bias: The annotated target segment generally refers to two specific frames as corresponding start and end timestamps. The video downsampling process may lose these two frames and take the adjacent irrelevant frames as new boundaries. 2) Reasoning-bias: Such incorrect new boundary frames also lead to the reasoning bias during frame-query interaction, reducing the generalization ability of model. To alleviate above limitations, in this paper, we propose a novel Siamese Sampling and Reasoning Network (SSRN) for TSG, which introduces a siamese sampling mechanism to generate additional contextual frames to enrich and refine the new boundaries. Specifically, a reasoning strategy is developed to learn the inter-relationship among these frames and generate soft labels on boundaries for more accurate frame-query reasoning. Such mechanism is also able to supplement the absent consecutive visual semantics to the sampled sparse frames for fine-grained activity understanding. Extensive experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of SSRN on three challenging datasets.